The role of the Martens clause in limiting the use of modern automatic weapons with identification based on the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD Student in Public International Law, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Science, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch,Tehran, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of law, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Science, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

"The Martens clause"which is manifested and its numerous effects in the field of humanitarian rights sources, especially in the 3rd common article, according to the the basic elements included in this declaration,that is,the humanity and Dictate of Public Conscience,have a special place in the construction of the rules of international law.The issue of the rule gap in the production and use of new weapons is one of the human rights challenges for all governments, including the IslamicRepublic of Iran.In this research, which is carried out using an analytical-descriptive method, we are trying to answer the basic question that, "Martens Clause" What is the role of limiting the use of this challenge to make rules and what is its effect on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran?
According to the numerous works affected by "Martens clause", the results indicate that governments can consider the principles of this declaration as a mechanism for creating rules in customary international law, because until the international community reaches A common goal for the creation of universally binding customary rules, the issue of the belief of legal obligation(opinio juris)to the general principles of humanitarian law, must first be formed in the belief of the governments.The Islamic Republic of Iran, while strengthening its defense base in the field of new weapons within the framework of its national security requirements, should not be oblivious to the developments caused by the Martens clause in rulemaking and should align itself with the legal developments of the world.

Keywords

References

  •  

    فهرست منابع و مآخذ

    الف. منابع فارسی

    • البرزی­ورکی، مسعود (بهار 1386). حقوق بشردوستانه در قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، فصلنامه حقوق، مجلة دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دوره 40، شمارة 1، 24.

    https://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20120419185729-8025-3.pdf

    • بیگ زاده، ابراهیم و تاور، اسماعیل (1396). سهم دیوان بین المللی دادگستری در تجلّی مفهوم بشریّت، تهران، مجلّۀ حقوقی بین المللی، شماره 57، 9.

    https://www.cilamag.ir/article_27962_490242e0ddbd04b7a39939eb4901d734.pdf

    • پیری، حیدر (1401). شرط زیست محیطی مارتنس و حفاظت از محیط زیست در مخاصمات مسلحانه؛ با تأکید بر اصول پیش نویس 2019 کمیسیون حقوق بین الملل، تحقیقات حقوقی، دوره 25، شماره 99،

    https://lawresearchmagazine.sbu.ac.ir/article_102868_f182d678886f97b171ed4f3ee67d4a17.pdf

    • حسینی، محمّد و راعی دهقی، مسعود (1395). معناشناسی وجدان انسانی در اسناد بین المللی، فصلنامۀ مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دورۀ 49، شمارۀ 3، 445-

    https://jplsq.ut.ac.ir/article_58205_778ddd552183e7114741439ac02a6c38.pdf

    • دهقانی، پریسا؛ رمضانی قوام­آبادی، محمدحسین و علی­پور، محمدرضا (1400)، مدخل­های ورود و کارکردهای شرط مارتنس در حقوق کیفری بین المللی. مجله پژوهش حقوق کیفری، سال نهم، شماره 35، 207-210.

    https://jclr.atu.ac.ir/article_13217_ca91d7dee32eb2215bc8f98c4ea32a1b.pdf

    • ذوالفقاری، مهدی و خسروی، ایمان (1395). تحرک بخشی به دیپلماسی دفاعی، در پرتو فرصت ها و تهدیدات برنامه اقدام سازمان ملل و تاثیر آن بر امنیت نظامی و دفاعی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، فصلنامه پژوهش­های روابط بین الملل، دوره اول، شماره 22، 114.

    https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_45866_bf3308a7a26216465d12be680d68684a.pdf

    • رنجبریان،‌ امیرحسین و بذار، وحید (1397). رعایت حقوق بین الملل بشردوستانه از سوی روبات نظامی خودفرمان و مسئولیت ناشی از اقدامات آنها، مجله حقوقی بین المللی، شماره 59، 64-

    https://www.cilamag.ir/article_31884_c21daf6a8a4c2fd11463ae5ccc5c5477.pdf

    • زرنشان، شهرام (١٣٩٣). شکل گیری و شناسایی حقوق بـین‌ المـلل عـرفی، تهران: انتشارات گنج دانش.
    • زرنشان، شهرام (1397). نسبت میان شرط مارتنس و حقوق بشر در نظم حقوقی بین المللی جدید، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، شماره2، 322.

    https://jplsq.ut.ac.ir/article_67097_1686174a88ea8f9df10d0e6b62418d90.pdf

    • شریفی طراز کوهی، حسین و صیادنژاد، محمد حسین (1399). اعمال اصول حقوق بین الملل بشردوستانه بر تسلیحات کاملاً خودکار به عنوان ابزار نوین جنگی، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 50، شماره 2، 562.

    https://jplsq.ut.ac.ir/article_74348_8d00135c7b3aa94d4a2308c0260f4bcd.pdf

    • طرحی، مهران (1398). امکان یا امتناع اعمال شرط مارتنس در حقوق بشردوستانه معاصر، نشریه داخلی مرکز مطالعات حقوق بین الملل مدرن، شماره 4، 37-

    https://milsc.org/fa/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/0Journal-No.-04-2019.pdf

    • فلسفی، هدایت اله (1379). حقوق بین الملل معاهدات، تهران: انتشارات فرهنگ نشرنو.
    • محسنی جیهانی، فاطمه و طباطبایی،‌ سیداحمد (1398). کاربرد سلاح های خودمختار و اصول حقوق بشردوستانه، پژوهشنامۀ ایرانی سیاست بین الملل، سال7، شماره 2،

    https://ensani.ir/file/download/article/1580542710-9928-14-10.pdf

    • ممتاز، جمشید و رنجبریان، امیرحسین (1387). حقوق بین الملل بشردوستانه مخاصمات مسلحانه داخلی، تهران: نشر میزان.
    • ممتاز، جمشید و شایگان، فریده (1393). حقوق بین الملل بشردوستانه در برابر چالش های مخاصمات عصر حاضر، تهران: انتشارات موسسه مطالعات و پژوهش های حقوقی.
    • میرکمالی، علیرضا و حاجی وند، امین و نباتی، علی (1400). تحلیلی بر صلاحیت دادگاه های ایران در رسیدگی به تروریسم زیست محیطی، بیوتروریسم و اگروتروریسم به عنوان جرایم علیه منافع و امنیت ملی، فصلنامه علمی امنیت ملی، سال یازدهم، شماره 39، 384.

    https://ns.sndu.ac.ir/article_1404_7768662f7d40fb1d958517bf539ed572.pdf

     

    ب. منابع انگلیسی

     

    • Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, (1945), Art. 6(c).
    • Abi-Saab, G. (1986), Conflits armes non internationaux, in: Les dismensions internationals du droit humanitaire, UNESCO, Pedone, Paris, 256.
    • Atadjanov, Rustam. (2019). “Humanness as a Protected Legal Interest of Crimes Against Humanity: Conceptual and Normative Aspect”, International Criminal Justice Series, Vol. 22,
    • Case concerning Legality of the Threat or‌ Use‌ of Nuclear Weapons, ICJ Reports‌, (1996‌), Dissenting.
    • Carafano, James Jay.(2014), “Autonomous Military Technology-Opportunities and Challenges for Policy and Law”, Backgrounder No. 2932 on National Security and Defense, Heritage Foundation, 3. https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/autonomous-military-technology-opportunities-and-challenges-policy-and-law Nasu, Hitoshi.
    • Cassese,Antonio,(2000)The Martens Clause: Half a Loaf or Simply Pie in the sky?, European Journal of international Law, Vol.II, No.1, 214- https://www.ejil.org/pdfs/11/1/511.pdf
    • Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, (13 March 2023), CCW /GGE.1 /2023 / WP.4/Rev.1.
    • Convention on Cluster Munitions, (2008).
    • Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively(1980), Preamble.
    • Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity, 26 November (1968).
    • Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, (1997).
    • Corfu Channel case (UK v. Avbania) ( 1949), Merits, , ICJ Rep 4,22.
    • Dissenting opinion of Judge Shahabuddeen, Nuclear Weapons ICJ Reports Dissenting Opinion of Judge ,(1996).
    • Dissenting Opinion of Judge Weeramantry, Nuclear Weapons, ICJ Reports Dissenting Opinion of Judge ,(1996).
    • Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, Geneva, (1949), Art. 63(4).
    • Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea,(1949), 75 UNTS 8, Art.62.
    • Gneiss, Robin. (October 2015). "The international-law dimension of autonomous weapons systems", Firebrick Ebert Sifting, Vol. 68, No. 2,1-28.
    • Rebeca, Gneiss. (October 2015). The international-law dimension of autonomous weapons systems, Firebrick Ebert Sifting, 12
    • Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, (1949), Art. 158.
    • Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, (1949), Art. 142.
    • Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, (1907) The Hague, , Preamble.
    • Henckaerts,J.M.And Doswald-Beak,L (2005) Customary international law, Vol Roles, Vol.II Practice, International Committee of Red-Cross,Cambridge/New york:Cambridge University press,, 324.
    • Human Rights Watch, “Losing Humanity: The Case against Killer Robots”, (Nov. 2012).
    • ILC Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (2001), art. 50.
    • Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, (1980).
    • International Committee of the Red Cross(ICRC)on autonomous weapon system, (11 April 2016), Judge‌ Weeramantry,486.
    • ICRC,The Challenges Raised By Increasingly Autonomous Weapons,(24 June 2014),available on:https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/statement/2014/24-06-challenges-autonomous-weapons.htm(24 June 2014).
    • Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, (July 1996) ICJ Rep 226.
    • Meron, Theodor, (2000), “The Martens Clause, Principle of Humanity and Dictates of Public Conscience”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 94, No. 1, 82.
    • Military and Paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. U.S), (1985) Merits, ICJ Rep. 14,113-114, para 218.
    • Prosecutor v. Furundzija, Judgment, (December, 10, 1998) No. IT-95-17/I-T, para 137.
    • Prosecutor v. Martic, Review of the indictment Pursuant to Rule 61, (March, 13, 1996) No. IT-95-11-R61, para 13.
    • Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare Geneva,(1925).
    • Reports of the Secretary General of The United Nation pursuant to paragraph 2 of Security Council resolution 808, (1993), para. 48, n 9, UN Doc. S/25704.
    • Schmitt, Michael N. (2013) “Autonomous Weapon Systems and International Humanitarian Law: A Reply to the Critics”, Harvard National Security Journal 2. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=218486
    • Sparrow, Robert. (2011), “Robotic Weapons and the Future of War”, New Wars and New Soldiers: Military Ethics in the Contemporary World-edited by Jessica Wolfendale and Paolo Tripodi, Ashgate Publishing Company,. 68. https://researchmgt.monash.edu/ws/portalfiles/portal/252781374/2632426_oa.pdf.
    • Ticehurst, Rupert, (1997), “The Martens Clause and the Laws of Armed Conflict”, 317 IRRC125, 12.
    • UN General Assembly, Res. (1946) 96(1).
    • UN General Assembly, Res (1948).217 A (III).
    • UN International Conference on Human Rights, (1968) Tehran, Iran.

     

     

    Website   

    org/en/doc/resources/document/2014/05-13-autonomous-weapons- statement.htm.(14 October 2014).

    • ICRC,Autonomous Weapons: What Role For Humans?,(12 May 2014), available. on:https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/news-releace/2014-12-autonomous-weapons-htm,(14 October 2014
    • https://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=47392.
    • https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/21/killer-robots-fail-key-moral-legal-test.
    • on:https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/statement/2014/24-06-challenges-autonomous-weapons.htm(24 June 2014).
    • Opening Statement of the Prosecution in the Einsatzgruppen Trial (September 29, 1947), Accessed May 08, 2019.
National Security
Volume 14, Issue 52 - Serial Number 52
September 2024
Pages 193-232

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 08 July 2023
  • Revise Date: 07 April 2024
  • Accept Date: 08 April 2024

Share

How to cite

Statistics