1
Faculty of Islamic Studies and Political Sciences, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
2
Imam Sadiq University
Abstract
Protest in Iran, as an evolving phenomenon, has become a highly frequent social issue, with the actions of armed and violent protesters leading to rapid escalation into violent and destructive protests. An accurate and appropriate response to the new state of protests between 2013 and 2023 necessitates first analyzing these protests to identify their changing dynamics, and then, while understanding the current conditions, managing them. Therefore, this research aims to define the various forms of protests that have occurred based on five criteria and ten indicators designed by the authors. The main research question is: What similarities and differences exist among the protests of 2013-2023 in Iran? To find an answer, the researchers employed a comparative approach within a framework of selective analysis, using data collected from reputable article indexing systems or databases of domestic and foreign publications. Ultimately, in the comparison of three widespread protests, 10 similarities and 30 differences were identified, indicating that the level of violence among protesters, the duration of protests, the volume of content produced in cyberspace, and the militarization of the nature of protests have been increasing and expanding. However, the protests were assessed to be spontaneous and characterized by an unclear pattern of dissemination.
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